Civil Rights

Return to Common Sense

April 27, 2013

Section: Culture – Civil Rights

“The nation has followed a bizarre racial path in which discrimination in favor of minorities has been viewed as the path to non-discrimination and equality, with no end in sight.’”

“All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will, to be rightful, must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect, and to violate would be oppression.” Thomas Jefferson.

Philosophy (Background, Issues, Objectives):

Civil rights legislation was passed to overcome institutional racism.

Declaration of Independence “…All Men are created equal…” applied initially to free men only.
Constitution, Amendment XII abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.
Constitution, Amendment XV guaranteed the right to vote, not denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Constitution, Amendment XXIV guaranteed the right to vote, not denied or abridged by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

In 1963 Martin Luther King said “I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

Objective measures of racial progress show vast improvement and much has been achieved.

Treating blacks as a single race is misleading, since middle class blacks have different values form poor blacks.

o Blacks who immigrate to America are more successful than blacks born in the U.S.

o Values diverge based on income, education, and ability to overcome racial discrimination.

Blacks have shown quantifiable measures of progress over the last 40 years:

o In 2007 88% of blacks reported being “very satisfied” or “somewhat satisfied” with their lives.

§ The greater percentage of blacks live either middle-class or better lives.

§ The majority of blacks live in integrated neighborhoods (with at least 10% of neighbors belonging to "other races").

§ Black-white marriage has soared — after anti-miscegenation laws were struck down by the Supreme Court in 1967 — from 65,000 in 1970 to 422,000 in 2005.

§ 20.5% of blacks lacked health insurance in 2006, as compared to 15.8% of total population.

o If black Americans' gross domestic product were measured separately, it would be the 16th-richest country in the world.

§ The employment rate for married black men equals that for married white men.

§ The average black woman with a college degree makes more money than the average white woman with a college degree.

§ The highest percentage of blacks in U.S. history (46%) own their homes.

§ Percentage of blacks with income below poverty has dropped from 87% in 1940 to 42% in 1966 to less than 25% in 2006.

§ Nearly 80% of blacks live above the poverty level vs. 65% 40 years ago.

§ Median household income has increased from $23.5k in 1968 to $26.5k in 1986 to 32k in 2006.

o Meanwhile blacks have achieved the highest levels in government, business, and sports

§ A black man served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.

§ A black man served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

§ Two blacks have served as members of the United States Supreme Court.

§ The predominately white American Medical Association elected a black physician as leader.

§ The American Bar Association elected a black president.

§ The Ford Foundation, one of America's largest philanthropic private foundations, with 2007 assets valued at $13.7 billion, was led for 12 years by a black man.

§ Blacks hold or have held CEO positions at major companies such as Merrill Lynch, American Express and Time Warner.

§ Black-owned businesses grow at a rate faster than white-owned businesses.

§ The multiracial Tiger Woods is the world's most famous and wealthiest athlete in earnings and product endorsements.

§ Major League Baseball is made up of 40% black, Latino and Asian players.

§ The Super Bowl, the most-watched sporting event in America, recently featured two teams headed by black coaches.

§ Black women have won the Miss America beauty pageant.

§ Black economist and best-selling author Thomas Sowell, based on the number of newspapers that carry his column, is one of the country's top 10 columnists.

§ "The Cosby Show," a positive, upbeat sitcom about a black, upper-middle-class family, reigned for years as America's most-watched television program.

§ Black faces on television abound — in commercials, as local and national news anchors, and in shows playing a variety of characters — from doctors and lawyers up to and including the president of the United States.

§ Will Smith, a black actor, tops the list of the nation's movie box-office stars.

§ Black actor Samuel L. Jackson appeared in more movies than any other actor of any color during the 1990s.

§ Black television host Oprah Winfrey, arguably one of the most powerful television personalities in the history of the medium, has amassed, to date, a fortune estimated at $2.5 billion.

§ Blacks serve or have served as mayors in many U.S. cities, including the three largest — New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.

§ The current speaker of the California Assembly is the first black woman to head a statewide legislative body.

§ Blacks make up 10% of the House of Representatives, including some from primarily white Southern districts.

§ A black man chairs the powerful House Ways and Means Committee .

§ A black man served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee.

§ Virginia, one of the states of the original Confederacy, elected a black man governor.

§ The Republican Party, in the last election cycle, nominated blacks as candidates for governor of Ohio, governor of Pennsylvania and senator from Maryland.

§ Blacks have served the current administration as back-to-back secretaries of state.

§ Los Angeles, devastated by the Watts riots in 1965, with a population 11% black, hired back-to-back black police chiefs.

Preferences / quotas / affirmative action institutionalize reverse discrimination.

There are multiple misconceptions about America and slavery.

o Slavery was an ancient and universal institution, not a distinctly American innovation.

o Slavery existed only briefly, and in limited locales, in the history of the Republic – involving only a tiny percentage of the ancestors of today’s Americans.

o Though brutal, slavery wasn’t genocidal; live slaves were valuable but dead captives brought no profit.

o It’s not true that the U.S. became a wealthy nation through the abuse of slave labor: the most prosperous states in the country were those that first freed their slaves.

o While America deserves no unique blame for the existence of slavery, the United States merits special credit for its rapid abolition.

o There is no reason to believe that today’s African-Americans would be better off if their ancestors had remained behind in Africa.

The federal government continues to use “affirmative action” quotas to address perceived discrimination.

o Gerrymandering enforced judicially mandated districts formed to guarantee minority representation.

o A 2011 Congressional Research Service (CRS) survey of federal affirmative-action policies uncovered 12 government-wide and 264 agency-specific statutes that require or encourage such preferences; the grand total of 276.

o Affirmative action operates on a presumption of collective grievance.

o Racial preferences admit lower qualified applicant’s entry.

o Once accepted, those with lower qualifications have lower probability of finishing / prospering.

o People succeed because they are skilled and driven, not because they have Harvard degrees.

Black students admitted to universities above their skill level often do poorly, fail to graduate.

o Almost all black students are admitted to law school with drastically lower college and LSAT grades than their white and Asian students.

§ At elite law schools 51% of black students had first-year grades that put them in the bottom 10% of their class, and two-thirds are in the bottom fifth as opposed to 7% white students.

§ At elite law schools black students had a higher failing and dropout rate, 19% compared to 8% for white students.

§ Blacks are four times as likely to fail the bar exam on the first try compared with 78% of whites.

§ Even after multiple attempts, only 57% of blacks succeeded in passing the bar.

o A Duke study found that admitting aspiring minority scientists to schools where they are less prepared than their peers is counterproductive.

§ Duke admits black students with SAT scores on average over one standard deviation below those of whites and Asians.

§ Not surprisingly, blacks’ grades in their first semester are significantly lower than those of other ethnic groups, but by senior year, the difference between black and white students’ grades has shrunk almost 50%.

§ Blacks improve their GPAs because they switch disproportionately out of more demanding science and economics majors into the humanities and soft social sciences, which grade much more liberally and require less work.

§ Of incoming students who reported a major, more than 76% of black male freshmen at Duke intended to major in the hard sciences or economics, higher even than the percentage of white male freshmen who anticipated such majors.

§ More than half of those would-be black science majors switched track in the course of their studies, while less than 8% of white males did, so that by senior year, only 35% of black males graduated with a science or economics degree, while more than 63% of white males did.

Race based preferences have been banned in California, Washington, Michigan, and Nebraska.
Institutionalizing affirmative action preferences in India pits every group with any grievance, real or imagined, against each other.

o India's founders constitutionally banning “untouchability” in 1950 and guaranteed equal treatment under the law for everyone regardless of caste, sex, religion or race.

o They created a list or "schedule" of all the dalit sub-castes deserving preferential treatment and handed them a percentage of the seats in the parliament and state legislatures.

o They also gave them a fixed percentage of all public-sector jobs and guaranteed spots in public or publicly funded universities.

o The scheme was supposed to last 10 years, but instead it assumed a life of its own, making scheduled-caste status a bigger driver of success than individual merit..

o Quotas have become a fact of life in India because they are the major currency with which Indian politicians buy votes.

· Affirmative action replaced old injustices with new ones; it divides rather than unites it.

Despite evidence to the contrary, diversity asserts that a racial mix improves environment.

College diversity programs fail to raise standards.
College faculty diversity failed to support need for same-sex, same-diversity role models.
Businesses have found “diversity” doesn’t increase revenue or forestall diversity lawsuits.

o Corporate diversity training sells guilt and stereotypes to unsuspecting employees.

Reality is that political correctness has stifled discussion for fear of being labeled “racist.”
Ethnic diversity has been found to cause a lot of problems.

o Ethnic diversity reduces interpersonal trust, civic engagement, and charitable giving.

o Ethnic diversity causes us to disengage from society, like turtles shrinking into their shells, reducing our overall quality of life.

o The more diversity we experience in our lives, the less happy we are.

After a half-century of racial preferences, the entire victim industry has become obsolete, as illiberal as it is counterproductive.

Who is a minority?
Who was victimized?
Who needs help?
Who must be diverse?
Who can control us all?

Blacks traditionally vote Democrat despite a political history undermining the Civil Rights agenda.

Republican party formed in 1854 to stop Democrat pro-slavery agenda.
Democrat party fought slavery abolition and Civil Rights legislation with filibusters and votes.
Republican Presidents and congressmen led the passage of Civil Rights legislation.
Republicans founded the Historically Black Colleges and Universities.
Democrat party led Great Society has undermined the black family and economic future.
Democrat party opposed programs that directly improve black conditions (welfare reform, marriage, school vouchers, etc.)
Democrat party accused successful, conservative Blacks of selling out.
Democrat party excused biased words and actions by allies, but not any Republicans.
Republican party promoted more blacks into national leadership positions.

The National Black Republicans Association (NBRA) has researched political parties and civil rights actions:

· Every civil rights law, beginning in the 1860s through the 1950s and 1960s, was fought against by Democrats.

· Jim Crow era in the South was dominated by Democrats.

· Klu Klux Klan became a military force serving the interests of the Democrat Party.

· Condi Rice was the first female black Secretary of State.

African Americans migrated from the rural South to the urban North, which began during WWI.

African-Americans created urban ghettoes in the large cities of the north.
In 1920 19 of the twenty largest cities were all located in the North and were from 92.5% to 99% white.
By 1990 these cities were from 26 to 76% black.
By the 2010 Census the cities with the highest black populations were Detroit, MI, which was 83% black, and Newark, NJ which was 52%.
The destinations of job-seeking African-American migrants were controlled by Democrats, it is overwhelmingly clear that these great pockets of urban poverty were created and maintained by that one political party.
Tragically all of these cities have very high rates of segregation, poor education for African-Americans.; high unemployment, single motherhood, and crime.

The ten biggest problems facing African Americans today, ranked in order of despair caused:

Lack of opportunity and safety (loss of urban jobs and failure to control crime).
Breakdown of the family (government dependency more attractive than husbands).
Black anti-intellectualism (succeeding academically is branded ‘acting white’).
Failure of urban K-12 schools (only 30-40% of black males graduate).
High incarceration rate of black men (nearly 80% of violent crime against blacks).

o Blacks commit 90% of the 1.7 million interracial crimes of violence in the U.S.

o Blacks are more than 50 times more likely to commit violent crime against whites than the other way around.

o 56% of violent crimes committed by blacks have white victims.

o 94% of black murder victims are killed by other blacks.

o Black men commit 15,000 rapes of white women every year in the U.S.

Reduced respect for human life (nearly 30% of all abortions).
Licensing requirements (barriers to labor intensive entrepreneurial opportunities).
Victimology (ongoing and collective victimization of a group).
Radical relativism (lack of criticism of any obscene behavior).
Excessive race-consciousness (insincere acknowledgement of any advancement in race relations).

Civil rights have degenerated into a victim based business.

Congressional Black Caucus has become cabal of ultra-liberal legislators.
NAACP, founded in 1910 by two WASPs and a Jew, has degenerated into a rote platform for left wing politics rather than black issues.
National Urban League has morphed from a black advocacy group into a government dependency movement.
The perception of racism has been used as an extortion threat against major international companies.
Civil rights culture double standard forgives words and actions based on race, religion, or preferences.
Collapse of nuclear family has produced a culture of single-parent families.

o Entrenched, multi-generational poverty is largely black.

o There is an out-of-wedlock teen-pregnancy epidemic.

Jackson, Sharpton, Bond, Farrakhan, etc. have made a living fanning the perception of racism.

Slavery reparations have come up repeatedly since the Civil War and Emancipation with little chance of success.

All the major black organizations have supported this idea, including NAACP, the Urban League, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Legally the case for this payment is not promising.

o Jurisprudential tradition disapproves of attaching liability to actions that were lawful or required by law when they happened.

o Lack of a reasonably direct and “particularized” link between the misconduct of a specific defendant and the injury suffered by a specific plaintiff.

o Statutes of limitation would dispose of most of the claims.

o Sovereign immunity, which generally provides that one can sue governments for cash damages only with their consent.

Hispanic Americans are experiencing the same family erosions similar to African Americans.

· More than half of all young Hispanic children in families headed by a single mother are living below the poverty line.

· Half of all Hispanic children are born out of wedlock.

Principles:

There are essentially but four definitions or models of "racism":

Racism as "Racial Hatred"
Racism as "Racial Discrimination"
Racism as "Doctrine of Innate Inferiority"
Racism as "Institutional Racism.

Racial equality has basically been achieved, and any exceptions should be prosecuted.

Discrimination in all its variations is an abomination, and must be prosecuted.

Refuse to be a victim, take responsibility for your own behavior and success.
Stop looking for excuses and others to blame.

Assimilate minorities into American society as soon as possible so they can become contributing citizens:

Speak English.
Respect other racial and ethnic groups.
Do not ask for special preferences for your own racial and ethnic group.
Do not bear historical grudges.
Do not attack working and studying hard as “acting white”.
Do not have children out of wedlock.
Follow the law.
Be reasonably polite to one another.
Respect women.
Be patriotic, proud Americans.

Recommendations:

Abandon the three pronged model of preferences, entitlements, and group rights:

Abandon diversity as a government goal replacing with meritocracy.
Repeal all affirmative action programs as no longer required.

o Redraw House districts to reflect common areas, not common racial make-up.

o Eliminate all racial classifications not justified by a compelling government interest.

Vigorously enforce existing civil rights laws with all resources at our disposal.

Endorse cultural personal responsibilities as part of the civil rights solution.

Choose American, not a separate identity, like African-American.
Master the English language.
Get married before baby arrives.
Remain married and raise your children.
Push educational achievement without excuses.
Don’t use drugs or abuse alcohol.

Repeal President Clinton’s 2000 Executive Order #13175 establishing Native-American tribal governments as a “fourth-level” of government equal with state and local governments.

References:

“It’s OK to Leave the Plantation” by C. Mason Weaver published by Reeder Publishing, 2000.

“Black Rednecks and White Liberals” by Thomas Sowell published by Encounter Books, 2005.

“White Guilt” by Shelby Steele published by Harper Collins Publishers, 2006.

“Blacklash” by Deneen Borelli published by Threshold Editions, 2012.

“I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King dated August 28, 1963 speech delivered on the Washington Mall.

“Civil Rights and Wrongs: A New Agenda for a New Era” by Peter N. Kirsanow dated January 17, 2002 published by The Heritage Foundation on http://www.heritage.org/Research/LegalIssues/HL731.cfm .

“Why Blacks Don’t Need Leaders” by John H. McWhorter dated Summer 2002 published in City Journal on http://www.city-journal.org/html/12_3_why_blacks.html .

“The Ten Biggest Problems Facing African-Americans Today” by Lee McGrath dated September 3, 2002 published by Front Page Magazine at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=2640 .

“Racial Myths and Realities” by James Lubinskas dated October 3, 2002 published by Front Page Magazine at http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3570 .

“Sir Charles” by Tammy Bruce dated October 10, 2002 published by Front Page Magazine at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3763 .

“The grand fraud: Parts I” by Thomas Sowell dated April 1, 2003 published by Town Hall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/ThomasSowell/2003/04/01/the_grand_fraud .

“The grand fraud: Parts II” by Thomas Sowell dated April 2, 2003 published by Town Hall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/ThomasSowell/2003/04/02/the_grand_fraud_part_ii .

“The grand fraud: Parts III” by Thomas Sowell dated April 3, 2003 published by Town Hall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/ThomasSowell/2003/04/03/the_grand_fraud_part_iii .

“The grand fraud: Parts IV” by Thomas Sowell dated April 4, 2003 published by Town Hall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/ThomasSowell/2003/04/04/the_grand_fraud_part_iv .

“Diversity De-Tox I” by Peter Wood dated July 2, 2003 published by Front Page Magazine at http://www.frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=8692 .

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“Resolutions for the Underprivileged” by Larry Elder dated January 5, 2004 published by Town Hall at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=11562 .

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“Blacks must drop victimhood and reclaim dignity” by Bill Cosby and Alvin F. Poussaint dated November 8, 2007 published by Christian Science Monitor at http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1108/p09s01-coop.html .

“One Race, Divisible” by Juan Williams dated November 14, 2007 published by Washington Post at http://www.newsmax.com/brennan/Brennan_global_warming/2007/11/13/49093.html .

“Forty Acres and a Gap in Wealth” by Henry Louis Gates Jr. dated November 18, 2007 published by New York Times at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/opinion/18gates.html?ref=opinion .

“Survey Shows Progress of Values Agenda Among Black Americans” by Star Parker dated November 19, 2007 published by Human Events Online at http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=23485 .

“Visions of Equality” by Roger Clegg dated January 21, 2008 published by National Review Online at http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OWQwOGEzZTA5ODI3MGJkMWViNzQ2OTE5Y2FmNGU4MDg= .

“Mental Chains and Civil War” by La Shawn Barber dated January 22, 2008 published by Town Hall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/LaShawnBarber/2008/01/22/mental_chains_and_civil_war .

“The Unknown History of Civil Rights” by Wynton Hall dated February 4, 2008 published by Town Hall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/WyntonHall/2008/02/04/the_unknown_history_of_civil_rights .

“Digging Up Democrat Skeletons” by La Shawn Barber dated February 7, 2008 published by Town Hall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/LaShawnBarber/2008/02/07/digging_up_democratic_skeletons .

“True Colors – How do you measure racial progress?” by Duncan Currie dated February 15, 2008 published by Weekly Standard at http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/738uddel.asp .

“Six Uncomfortable Truths About Race in America” by John Hawkins dated April 4, 2008 published by Town Hall at http://www.townhall.com/columnists/JohnHawkins/2008/04/04/six_uncomfortable_truths_about_race_in_america .

“The Hispanic Family: The Case for National Anthem” by Heather Mac Donald dated April 14, 2008 published by National Review Online at http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NmI3Yjk0ZjMxNmEyMjI1ZWU3Y2MwNTBlMTUyYWVmMmE= .

“This Is How We Lost to the White Man” by Ta-Nehisi Coates dated May 2008 published by The Atlantic at http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200805/cosby .

“Left-Wing Racism Remembered” by Floyd and Mary Beth Brown dated May 19, 2008 published by Front Page Magazine at http://www.frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=48C9DB38-CD7D-4912-8FD9-2295DCB899CF .

“Obama Victory Caps 40 Years of Rapid Gains” by Larry Elder dated June 5, 2008 published by Investor’s Business Daily at http://www.ibdeditorials.com/IBDArticles.aspx?id=297552260318981 .

“Fair enough?” by Jonathon Kaufman dated June 14, 2008 published by The Wall Street Journal at http://online.wsj.com/public/article_print/SB121340482731674019.html .

“The Quotas That Won’t Die” by Jennifer Rubin dated July 21, 2008 published by The Weekly Standard at http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/315zkwbx.asp .

“The Great African-American Awakening” by Myron Magnet dated Summer 2008 published by City Journal at http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_3_african_american_awakening.html .

“Academic Mismatch I” by Walter E. Williams dated September 3, 2008 published by Town Hall at http://townhall.com/columnists/WalterEWilliams/2008/09/03/academic_mismatch_i .

“What’s Next for Affirmative Action?” by Richard D. Kahlenberg dated November 6, 2008 published by The Atlantic at http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200811u/obama-affirmative-action .

“An Enduring Crisis for the Black Family” by Kay Hymowitz dated December 6, 2008 published by Washington Post at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/05/AR2008120503088.html?sub=new .

“A Preference for Truth” by Heather MacDonald dated Autumn 2008 published by City Journal at http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_4_snd-racial_quotas.html .

“Reparations, R.I.P.” by Walter Olson dated Autumn 2008 published by City Journal at http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_4_reparations.html .

“Time to Set Aside Set-Asides” by Michael G. Franc dated January 27, 2009 published by National Review Online at http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=M2NmMzM4Nzk2ODBiNjE5NDA1ZGZkMDVlZDk5MTdkMmU= .

“Requiem for the Word ‘Racism’” by Jack Kerwick dated February 12, 2009 published by Intellectual Conservative at http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2009/02/12/requiem-for-the-word-racism/ .

“Coloring History” by Rita Kramer dated February 22, 2009 published by American Thinker at http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/02/coloring_history.html .

“Hating Whitey” by Selwyn Duke dated February 22, 2009 published by American Thinker at http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/02/hating_whitey_1.html .

“Gospel of dependence from National Urban League” by Star Parker dated March 30, 2009 published by Town Hall at http://townhall.com/columnists/StarParker/2009/03/30/gospel_of_dependence_from_national_urban_league .

“The Husks of Dead Theories” by John Derbyshire dated April 24, 2009 published by National review Online at http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YjIwZTAwODBjNjZmNzRlMWViMDYwOTEwZDZhOWIyZWI= .

“The De Facto Slavery of the American People” by Nathan Tabor dated June 28, 2009 published by Town Hall at http://townhall.com/columnists/NathanTabor/2009/06/28/the_de_facto_slavery_of_the_american_people .

“Another Missed Opportunity for America’s First Black President” by Sharon Kass dated July 25, 2009 published by Intellectual Conservative at http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2009/07/25/another-missed-opportunity-for-america%E2%80%99s-first-black-president/ .

“A Smart Solution to the Diversity Dilemma” by Jason Richwine dated August 12, 2009 published by The American Magazine at http://www.american.com/archive/2009/august/dealing-with-diversity-the-smart-way .

“The Ibbetson WrightRoad Victimization Index” by Paul A. Ibbetson dated December 30, 2009 published by American Daily at http://americandaily.com/index.php/site/comments/the_ibbetson_wrightroad_victimization_index/ .

“A Black-on-Black Discussion of Black Racism” by Lloyd Marcus dated January 16, 2010 published by American Thinker at http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/01/a_black_on_black_discussion_of.html .

“Obama and ‘First Americans’” by Phillip C. Bom dated February 13, 2010 published by American Thinker at http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/02/obama_and_first_americans.html .

“King had a dream, but blacks now face a nightmare” by Charles W. Bell dated February 18, 2010 published by American Thinker at http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/02/king_had_a_dream_but_blacks_no.html .

“India’s Government by Quota” by Shikha Dalmia dated May 4, 2010 published by Reason Magazine at http://reason.com/archives/2010/05/04/indias-government-by-quota .

“Democrats’ Diversity Problem” by Josh Kraushaar dated November 30, 2010 published by National Journal at http://nationaljournal.com/columns/against-the-grain/democrats-diversity-problem-20101130 .

“The End of an Idea – Why Affirmative Action Should Stop” by Victor Davis Hanson dated May 16, 2011 published by Pajamas Media at http://pajamasmedia.com/victordavishanson/why-affirmative-action-should-stop/ .

“The Expanding Vengeance of Affirmative Action” by Carl Horowitz dated June 18, 2011 published by Town Hall at http://townhall.com/columnists/carlhorowitz/2011/06/18/the_expanding_vengeance_of_affirmative_action .

“Justice Department Betrays MLK’s Dream” by Arnold S. Trebach dated October 5, 2011 published by Pajamas Media at http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/justice-department-betrays-mlks-dream/ .

“Diversity, Inc.” by Victor Davis Hanson dated December 28, 2011 published by National Review Online at http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/286695/diversity-inc-victor-davis-hanson .

“Affirmative Disaster” by Heather MacDonald dated February 20, 2012 published by The Weekly Standard at http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/affirmative-disaster_626632.html .

“8 Ways Blacks Perpetuate Racism and the Only Way to Thwart It” by Walter Hudson dated July 17, 2012 published by PJ Media at http://pjmedia.com/lifestyle/2012/07/17/8-ways-blacks-perpetuate-racism-and-the-only-way-to-thwart-it/ .

“American Colonialism” by Michael Bargo Jr. dated April 10, 2013 published by American Thinker at http://www.americanthinker.com/2013/04/american_colonialism.html .

“Time to scrap affirmative action” dated April 27, 2013 published by The Economist at http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21576662-governments-should-be-colour-blind-time-scrap-affirmative-action .