Defense

Return to Common Sense

January 28, 2010

Section: Foreign – Defense

“Transforming to meet future defense needs will require a clear vision of military use in the future, expected opposition, and sustained investment across multiple political administrations”

Philosophy (Background, Issues, Objectives):

Department of Defense is tasked to protect and advance U.S. national interests by:

Ensuring U.S. security and freedom of action.
Honoring international commitments.
Contributing to economic well being.

The Quadrennial Defense Review seeks to match US military means to strategic ends.

The Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) was mandated by Congress in the 1990s to reconcile the U.S. National Security Strategy with the National Defense Strategy and the Program Objective Memorandum, the military's five year defense acquisition plan.

o The National Security Strategy (which provides high level strategic guidance and objectives) based on a firm political consensus about U.S. national interests and rigorous analysis of short-, medium-, and long-term threats, would shape the roles and missions of the military services as expressed in the National Defense Strategy (the implementation of national strategic objectives by the military), which in turn would influence choices in the Program Objective Memorandum.

o The military mission must meet a crucial set of criteria:

§ Vital to our national security?

§ Exhausted all available alternatives?

§ Reasonable chance of achieving stated objectives at an acceptable cost?

The current military is too small and to old to execute the official national military strategy:

o Defend the homeland.

o Sustain four peacekeeping engagements.

o Fight two large scale regional conflicts.

o The military implications of the Bush Doctrine are the overriding framework driving the QDR.

o The military force levels include active and Reserve components.

The missions deal with aggressors and potential aggressors against Pax Americana.

o Containing Chinese military power.

o Securing a democratic political revolution in the Middle East.

o Responding to nuclear crisis in a state like Iran or North Korea when containment fails.

o Defending against cyber attacks.

§ On a single day in 2008, would-be intruders hit the Pentagon 6 million times in a 24-hour period.

§ Before September 11, 2001, the highest annual figure for cyberattacks against the Pentagon was 250,000.

§ There is still no way of telling whether these were attempted intrusions by teenagers testing their hacking skills or the electronic warfare departments of China and Russia, that we know are constantly flexing their electronic muscles."

Missile defense is a technological and political challenge.

The need for missile defense has increased as ballistic missile technology has proliferated.

o In 1972 only 9 countries had ballistic missiles.

o In 2008 at least 27 countries have ballistic missile systems.

§ Some of these countries actively support terrorist groups (North Korea. Iran, Syria).

o China is planning to integrate space warfare as another domain of war.

In 1983 the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was announced.

o Short range missile defense systems have been initially successful.

o Development is underway with some success for ballistic missile defense systems.

o The command and control network must include expanding array of sensors and interceptors.

o Australia, Great Britain, and Japan have agreed to cooperative programs in missile defense.

The National Guard is the oldest component of the Armed Forces of the United States.

The National Guard began as this countries militia.
In 1903 the National Guard was made a Reserve Force for the US Army.
National Guard provides to the States units trained and equipped to protect life and property.
Posse Comitatus Act does not apply to Army National Guard troops during domestic missions while under state control.
Following World War II, National Guard aviation units became the Air National Guard.
National Guard and Reserves are equipped on a tiered readiness scale after active units.

The “progressive” left has opposed every war that America has fought over the last 70 years.

· The War against Hitler (until June 1941 when the Soviet Union was attacked) (1939).

· The Cold War to save Turkey and Greece from Communist conquest (1947).

· The Korean War (to save South Korea from Communist conquest) (1950).

· The Vietnam War (to save South Vietnam and Cambodia from Communist conquest) (1964).

· The War in Afghanistan to liberate Afghanistan from a Soviet Invasion (1979).

· The War in Grenada to liberate the island from a Communist dictatorship (1983).

· The War to liberate Central America from Communist dictators and guerillas (1983).

· The War in Panama to liberate Panama from the rule of a narco thug (1989).

· The Gulf War to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi conquest (1990).

· The Balkans War to liberate Kosovo from Serbian rule (1999).

· The War against the Taliban (2001).

· The Bush Administration's plan to finish the War to liberate Iraq (2002).

Principles:

Modern Americans are liberators, not conquerors.

Military fights best on behalf of a society in which it believes.
Society never wants to fight, but it must be prepared to do so if necessary. (Sun Tzu, Clausewitz)
Defend foreign nations and base troops overseas according to US interests, not other countries.

Military core capabilities should include:

Protecting and defending the U.S. and its allies against attack,
Air dominance,
Maritime control,
Space control,
Counterterrorism,
Counterinsurgency,
The ability to seize and control territory against organized ground forces,
Projecting power to distant regions, and
Information dominance throughout cyberspace.

Criteria for military intervention:

Military intervention should defend national security interests.
Military intervention should not jeopardize the ability of the U.S. to meet more important security commitments.
Military intervention should strive to achieve military goals that are clearly defined, decisive attainable, and sustainable.
Military intervention should enjoy congressional and public support.
The armed forces must be allowed to create conditions for success.

National defense re-building principles:

· Rebuild ground forces based on strategic requirements.

· Preserve the all-volunteer force.

· Expand the capabilities-based force to support wide range of missions.

· Revitalize the strategic forces (missile defense, space-based programs, cyber warfare).

· Develop next-generation platforms.

· Exploit cutting-edge technologies for competitive advantage over future adversaries.

· Maintain air supremacy.

· Maintain the capacity to control sea-lanes and defeat anti-access strategies.

Damage Limitation Strategic tenets:

The purpose of the U.S. strategic posture is to limit the damage from attacks on the U.S. and its friends and allies, particularly damage from attacks with nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.
A retaliation-based deterrence strategy is inappropriate for today's multipolar world.
An effective damage limitation strategy relies on a mix of offensive and defensive forces.
An effective damage limitation strategy requires a global strategic target list that is constantly updated.
The U.S. must modernize its strategic posture.
The U.S. should promote international movement toward a damage limitation strategy.
The U.S. should pursue arms control in a way that focuses on the most difficult targets.
The U.S. should continue to pursue nonproliferation.

Principles for Stability Operations and State Building:

· Principles of Process:

o 1) Develop Human Capital

§ Education

§ Assignment

§ Accreditation

o 2) Create Common Space

o 3) Fight the Fog of Peace

§ Convergence

§ Lack of interagency planning

§ Lack of information and sharing of information

· Principles of Purpose:

o 4) Determine Clear, Concise National Objectives

o 5) Establish Interagency Coordination

o 6) Ensure Unity of Effort

· Principles of Peace:

o 7) Understand the Country

o 8) Delegitimize Bad Ideas

o 9) Create Credible Alternative and the Will to Prevail

Recommendations:

Short Term, Allocate 4% of GDP for the continued rebuilding of national defense:

Improve the Quadrennial Defense Review to better link strategy to plans:

o Derive the QDR from the National Security Strategy.

o Create a buffer between the demands of the budget calendar and the strategy policy review.

o Evaluate both short-term and long-term risks.

o Promote maintaining a substantial technological superiority.

o Expand the two-war construct to reflect current risk environment.

o Improve Congressional buy-in by establishing a permanent national defense panel.

The Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) was mandated by Congress in the 1990s
Set reasonable near and long term budgeting goals for military modernization.

o Ensure National Guard receives long term commitment of resources and funding:

§ Ensure the appropriate Active and Reserve mix to meet the needs of the future.

§ Ensure equipment needs include dual use equipment for domestic missions.

§ Reorganize the National Guard to aid its response to catastrophic events.

o Continue investments in a viable tactical and strategic missile defense system.

§ Develop a layered missile defense program.

o Retain the Multiple Kill Vehicle (MKV) program.

o Preserve the Airborne Laser (ABL) program.

o Continue boost-phase missile defense programs.

o Field a system to protect U.S. coastal areas from sea launched shorter raqnge systems.

o Develop and field test space-based elements.

Ensure logistics meet defense needs and critical components are not dependent on foreign suppliers.

o Ensure ongoing maintenance to maintain or extend the service lives of equipment.

o Standardize infrastructure, logistics, and equipment to better enable unified commands.

o Restock prepositioned supplies to enable rapid deployment around the world.

o Reinvigorate multi-national exercises and foreign military engagements.

Fix 40% of overall defense budget for modernization, research and development, and procurement.

o Maintain air superiority advantage.

o Continue investments in robotic technologies to expand military reach with decreased human risk.

o Modernize nuclear warheads to maintain a nuclear deterrent.

o Ensure critical infrastructure is protected from Electromagnetic Pulse effects.

o Establish cyber command to focus on understanding cyber capabilities, laws, and defense.

Refocus military medical care with VA-like medical care options, extending TriCare to include personal health savings accounts.
Enforce Solomon Amendment linking federal funding to defense recruiting on campuses.

Establish a civilian agency (Stability Operations Force) to replace military when the situation on the ground transitions to post-conflict/post-disaster stabilization and nation building and reconstruction.

Assign an experienced and capable contracting office at all deployed locations, reporting into the State Department.
Staff expeditionary workforce positions with experienced civilian subject matter experts.

o Recruit Foreign Service experienced professionals.

o Establish a roster of people with language and technical skills to stand by in reserve.

o Recruit expertise in engineering, medicine, and policing available for deployment.

Augment security forces with experienced combat veterans and intelligence personnel.
Augment Stability Operations Force resources with experienced civilian contractors.

Long Term, Transform the American military to operate successfully on the battlefield of the future:

Redefine the strategic posture to one of Damage Limitation Strategy.

o Continue comprehensive scenario planning to address all future contingencies.

o Strive for eventual complete nuclear disarmament.

§ Continue reduction of operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads.

§ Continue improving security at nuclear sites around the world.

§ Continue support for the “Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction” and the “Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism.”

Set a clear vision of military use in the future, expected opposition, and provide sustained investment.

o Increase Army and Marines to meet future ground forces needs.

o Expand Special Operations Command (SOCOM) to meet expected expanded missions.

o Rebuild Navy to a sustainable global power level of deployment (300 ships).

o Recapitalize and modernize Air Force to maintain air superiority.

o Establish a National Security Space Command for space, including satellite, defense.

o Rebuild intelligence capability to better serve defense needs.

References:

“America’s Wars and the Progressive Left” by David Horowitz dated November 12, 2002 published by Front Page Magazine at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=4553 .

“Using Our Military for Others’ Interests” by Doug Bandow dated January 27, 2005 published by The Cato Institute at http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4018 .

“What Became of the CIA?” by Gabriel Schoefeld dated March 2005 published by Commentary Magazine at http://www.commentarymagazine.com/cm/main/viewArticle.html?article=com.commentarymagazine.content.Article::9866&search=1 .

“Who Bears the Burden? Demographic Characteristics of U.S. Military Recruits Before and After 9/11” by Tim Kane dated November 7, 2005 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/cda05-08.cfm .

“QDR’s Crucial Question” by Thomas Donnelly dated January 12, 2006 published by American Enterprise Institute at http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.23672/pub_detail.asp .

“The Pentagon’s Inadequate Vision for Safeguarding U.S. Soil: What’s Needed from the Reserve Components” by James Jay Carafano delivered March 16, 2006 published by The Hertiage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/hl975.cfm .

“Clausewitz and World War IV” by Robert H. Scales dated July 2006 published by Armed Forces Journal at http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/07/1866019 .

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“A Missile Mistake” dated July 6, 2007 published by Investors Business Daily at http://www.ibdeditorials.com/IBDArticles.aspx?id=268613884301493 .

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“A Civilian Partner for Our Troops” by Richard G. Lugar and Condeleezza Rice dated December 17, 2007 published by Washington Post at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601560_pf.html .

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“Who Serves in the U.S. Military? Demographic Characteristics of Enlisted Troops and Officers” by Shanea J. Watkins and James Sherk dated August 21, 2008 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/cda08-05.cfm .

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“Why the World Still Needs America’s Military Might” by Peter Brookes dated November 24, 2008 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/hl1102.cfm .

“Moving Forward with Ballistic Missile Defense” by Baker Spring, Peter Brookes, and James Jay Carafano dated December 2, 2008 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/BallisticMissileDefense/sr26.cfm .

“Preparing the Pentagon for a New Age” by Robert Gates dated December 9, 2008 published by Real Clear Politics at http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/12/how_to_reprogram_the_pentagon.html .

“Disarming Ourselves” dated December 14, 2008 published by The Wall Street Journal at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122930027871805333.html .

“Building Cyber Security Leadership for the 21^st Century” by James Jay Carafano and Eric Sayers dated December 16, 2008 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg2218.cfm .

“Contracting in Combat: Advice for the Commission on Wartime Contracting” by James Jay Carafano dated January 13, 2009 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg2228.cfm .

“Quadrennial Defense Review: Building Blocks for Defense” by Baker Spring and Mackenzie M. Eaglen dated January 28, 2009 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg2234.cfm .

“Cyberwarfare Hacks Silent but Deep” by Arnaud De Borchgrave dated February 17, 2009 published by News Max at http://www.newsmax.com/borchgrave/Cyber_hackers/2009/02/17/182570.html .

“Arms Control Dinosaurs Are Back” by Marc A. Thiessen dated May 19, 2009 published by The Wall Street Journal at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124268963178032407.html .

“They died for you” by Rick Atkinson dated May 24, 2009 published by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette at http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09144/972099-109.stm .

“The First War in Cyberspace” by Ed Timberlake dated May 26, 2009 published by American Thinker at http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/05/the_first_war_in_cyberspace.html .

“Sustaining American Leadership with Military Power” by Kim R. Holmes dated June 1, 2009 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/sr0052.cfm .

“Moving Forward on Missile Defense” by Baker Spring dated June 22, 2009 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/BallisticMissileDefense/sr0058.cfm .

“The Growing Air Power Gap: Implications for U.S. National Security” by Mackenzie M. Eaglen and Lajos F. Szaszdi dated July 7, 2009 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg2295.cfm .

“Planning for the Future: How and Why to Salvage the Pentagon’s Quadrennial Defense Review” by James Talent and Mackenzie Eaglen dated January 4, 2010 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg2351.cfm .

“Fears awakened: Army study suggests new ‘police force’” dated January 21, 2010 published by World Net daily at http://www.wnd.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=122533 .

“Does the United States Need a New Police Force for Stability Operations?” by Terrence K. Kelly, Seth G. Jones, James E. Barnett, Keith Crane, Robert C. Davis, and Carl Jensen dated 2009 published by RAND Research at http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9432/ .

“The State of the U.S. Military” by Mackenzie Eaglen dated January 2010 published by The Heritage Foundation at http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/wp012710.cfm .